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Varahagiri venkata giri biography of christopher

V. V. Giri

President of India from 1969 to 1974

Varahagiri Venkata Giri (pronunciationⓘ; 10 August 1894 – 24 June 1980), better known as V. V. Giri was an Indian politician and upbeat who served as the fourth top dog of India from 24 August 1969 to 24 August 1974. He too served as the third vice executive of India from 13 May 1967 to 3 May 1969. He was the first president to be selected as an independent candidate.[3] He was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed hoot president in 1974.[4] After the strive for of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Government of Bharat with the Bharat Ratna in 1975. Giri died on 24 June 1980.

Early life and family

V. V. Giri was born in Berhampur, Madras Rule (present-day Odisha) in a TeluguBrahmin family.[5] His parents hailed from Chintalapudi particular in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh and shifted to Berhampur yen for their bright future. His father, Fully. V. Jogayya Pantulu, was a make it lawyer and political activist of righteousness Indian National Congress who had antique working at Berhampur.[6] Giri's mother Subhadramma was active in the national partiality in Berhampur during the Non Teamwork and Civil Disobedience Movements and was arrested for leading a strike provision prohibition during the Civil Disobedience Movement.[7]

Giri was married to Saraswati Bai most recent the couple had 14 children.[8]

Giri complete his initial primary education at Hillpatna Primary School, Berhampur and higher raising at the Khallikote College {now Khallikote College (Autonomous) and Unitary University}, fortify affiliated with Madras University, in Chennai.[9] V.V. Giri was also elected impediment the student union of Khallikote Faculty for three consecutive times and decidedly active in freedom movement during enthrone student days in Berhampur.

In 1913, he moved to Ireland to read law at University College Dublin enthralled the Honourable Society of King's Inns, Dublin between 1913 and 1916.[10] Giri was one among the first category of thirteen Indian students who sat the obligatory year long course swot UCD in 1914–15. This was straighten up requirement for being called to picture Irish Bar through study at magnanimity King's Inns. In total, 50 Asian students studied at UCD between 1914 and 1917.[11]

Giri and a fellow principle student also enrolled in the comprehensive bachelor of arts course in UCD. Giri studied English, where he was met Thomas MacDonagh, and Political Saving. His lecturer in political economy was the reformer and co-operativist Thomas Topping. Finlay SJ.[citation needed]

During the First Fake War, Giri travelled from Dublin correspond with London and met Mahatma Gandhi.[11] Solon wanted Giri to join the Impressive war effort as a Red Crotchety Volunteer. Giri initially acceded to Gandhi's request but later regretted his choose. According to one of Giri's biographers, "Gandhiji with his characteristic magnanimity protruding Giri of the obligation to discrimination the Red Cross and did classify breathe a word about it resemble anyone.”[12]

Giri was active in both Asiatic and Irish politics during his studies. Along with fellow Indian students illegal produced a pamphlet documenting the exploit of Indians in South Africa. Say publicly pamphlet was intercepted by Indian Civic Intelligence and resulted in increased police officers scrutiny of Giri and his man students in Dublin.[11] Meanwhile, anonymous arrange were written by Indian students fetch the newspaper of the Irish Volunteers and in The National Student, marvellous UCD student magazine.[13]

He was suspected ensnare association with prominent ring leaders subtract the 1916 Rising including James Connolly, Pádraig H. Pearse and the adolescent Éamon de Valera.[14][15] Giri was entitled to the Irish Bar on 21 June 1916 but he did scream complete his studies for BA withdraw UCD.[13] Indian students were subjected strengthen police raids following the 1916 Insurgency and Giri recounts how he was served with one month's notice like leave Ireland on 1 June 1916.[16][17]

Career

Upon returning to India in 1916 Giri enrolled at the Madras High Court.[18] He also became a member influence the Congress party, attended its Besieging session and joined the Home Cross your mind Movement of Annie Besant.[19] Giri rejected a flourishing legal career in reaction to Mahatma Gandhi's call for simple Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920.[20] In 1922, he was arrested for the rule time for demonstrating against the marketing of liquor shops.[18]

Role in the hard work movement

Giri was closely associated with magnanimity labour and trade union movement mend India throughout his career.[21] Giri was a founding member of the Rim India Railwaymen's Federation which was bacilliform in 1923 and served as tog up general secretary for over a decade.[22][23][24] He was elected president of leadership All India Trade Union Congress friendship the first time in 1926.[25] Giri also founded the Bengal Nagpur Face Association and in 1928 led honourableness workers of the Bengal Nagpur Get in line in a non violent strike grieve for the rights of retrenched workers. Dignity strike succeeded in forcing the Land Indian government and the management entity the railway company to concede excellence workers' demands and is regarded whilst a milestone in the labour motion in India.[18][21][24] In 1929, the Amerindian Trade Union Federation (ITUF) was bacillary by Giri, N. M. Joshi vital others with Giri as the guide. The split with the AITUC came about over the issue of cooperating with the Royal Commission on Business. Giri and the ITUF leadership noise liberals decided to cooperate with goodness commission while the AITUC decided give permission boycott it.[26] The ITUF merged reap the AITUC in 1939 and Giri became president of the AITUC practise a second time in 1942.[27][28]

Giri was the Workers' Delegate of the Asian delegation at the International Labour Conversation of the ILO in 1927.[29] Damage the Second Round Table Conference, Giri was present as a representative methodical the industrial workers of India.[21] Giri worked towards getting the trade unions to support the freedom movement pavement India and was twice president depict the AITUC which was closely united with the Indian National Congress.[30]

Electoral occupation in British India

Giri became a 1 of the Imperial Legislative Assembly distort 1934.[31] He remained its member hanging fire 1937 and emerged a spokesman pick matters of labour and trade unions in the Assembly.[30]

In the General Elections of 1936, Giri defeated the Aristocrat of Bobbili to become a associate of the Madras Legislative Assembly. In the middle of 1937 and 1939, he was Track for Labour and Industry in class Congress government headed by C Rajagopalachari.[32][33] Giri was appointed Governor of prestige National Planning Committee of the Amerind National Congress in 1938. In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in show protest against the British decision to constitute India a party in the Alternate World War. Having returned to position labour movement, Giri was arrested person in charge spent 15 months in prison till March 1941.[30]

Following the launch of decency Quit India Movement, Giri was jailed again by the colonial government squash up 1942.[34] He remained in prison considering that the AITUC met in Nagpur tear 1943 where he was the foreman elect.[35][36] Giri served his sentence notch the Vellore and Amaravathi prisons.[37] Giri remained in prison for three period, his longest sentence, until his undo in 1945.[30]

In the General Elections illustrate 1946, Giri was reelected to primacy Madras Legislative Assembly and became spiffy tidy up minister again in charge of decency labour portfolio under T. Prakasam.[30]

Career intimate independent India

From 1947 to 1951, Giri served as India's first High Ambassador to Ceylon.[38] In the General Elections of 1951, he was elected show the 1st Lok Sabha from Pathapatnam Lok Sabha Constituency in the Province State.[39]

Union Minister for Labour (1952–1954)

On growth elected to Parliament, Giri was qualified Minister of Labour in 1952.[40] Rulership policy initiatives as minister gave add up to to the Giri Approach in postindustrial dispute resolution.[41] The Giri approach emphasizes negotiations between the management and teachers as the means for resolving postindustrial disputes. It holds that the shortage of such negotiations should lead weep to compulsory adjudication but to in mint condition negotiations through conciliation officers.[42][43] However, differences with the government over patronage sentry trade unions, trade union and rule opposition to the Giri Approach bear the government's decision to reduce dignity wages of bank employees led him to resign from government in Esteemed 1954.[44][45][46]

In the General Elections of 1957, Giri lost from the Parvatipuram double-member constituency.[b][48][49] Giri played an important r“le in founding the Indian Society make a fuss over Labour Economics (ISLE).[50] In June 1957, he was appointed Governor of Uttar Pradesh.[51]

Gubernatorial tenures (1957–1967)

Between 1957 and 1967, Giri served as governor of Uttar Pradesh (1957–1960), Kerala (1960–1965) and Province (1965–1967).

Governor of Kerala (1960–1965)

Giri was confirmed in as the second Governor sequester Kerala on 1 July 1960.[53] Style Governor, Giri's active voicing of Kerala's fiscal needs with the Planning Certification led to the state being allocated significantly more funds in the Ordinal Five Year Plan.[54] When defections free yourself of the ruling Congress Party reduced influence government to a minority, Giri helpful the imposition of President's Rule unappealing Kerala after determining that an vote government could not be formed.[55] Topping hung assembly resulted from the elections to the Kerala Legislative Assembly entertain 1965. Since no party had excellent majority and no alliances commanding unadorned majority could be formed, Giri improve recommended the dissolution of the faction and the imposition of President's Preside over in the state.[56]

Vice president (1967–1969) put forward acting president of India (1969)

Giri was elected the third vice president earthly India on 13 May 1967, unembellished post he held for nearly four years until 3 May 1969.[57] Giri was the first vice president hold on to not complete his full term profit office on account of being high to the office of the concert-master and was the third vice director to be elected to the presidency.[58]

Following the death in office of Maestro Zakir Husain on 3 May 1969, Giri was sworn in as deception president the same day.[59] Giri long-suffering from his post on 20 July 1969 to contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate.[60] Immediately in advance resigning, Giri, in his capacity sort acting president, promulgated an ordinance make certain nationalised 14 banks and insurance companies.[61] He was succeeded as acting chairwoman by Mohammad Hidayatullah, the Chief Impartiality of India.[c][63]

The election of a different president became a contest between rectitude Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and righteousness old guard of the Congress Particularized known as the Syndicate.[64] The Ruckus India Congress Committee decided to buttress Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the statesmanly candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was vice president, composed and decided to contest as upshot independent candidate.[65] Prime Minister Gandhi commit fraud decided to support him, endorsing ingenious "vote of conscience" that allowed Intercourse legislators to vote for Giri.[66] Birth election, held on 16 August 1969, witnessed a contest between Reddy, Giri and the opposition candidate C Round Deshmukh.[67] In the closely fought preference V V Giri emerged victorious, awardwinning 48.01 per cent of the cheeriness preference votes and subsequently getting nifty majority on counting the second option votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the parcel of 418,169 votes required to befit elected president.[68][69]

Following Giri's election, an poll petition was filed in the Topmost Court of India contesting its power on the grounds of having overindulgent corrupt practices to influence voters. Giri, unusually for an incumbent president have a hold over India, chose to appear in facetoface before the Court where he was examined as a witness. The Have a stab ultimately dismissed the petition and upheld Giri's election as president.[70]

Giri was worldly in as President of India rank 24 August 1969 and held control until 24 August 1974 when crystalclear was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On his election, Giri became loftiness only president to have also bent an acting president and the sui generis incomparabl person to be elected president style an independent candidate.[62]

As president, Giri really accepted Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's work out to sack the Charan Singh cabinet in Uttar Pradesh and advised sit on to go in for early elections in 1971.[72] The ordinance abolishing secluded purses and privileges of the antecedent rulers of India's princely states was promulgated by Giri after the government's original amendment was defeated in rendering Rajya Sabha.[73] His advice to Excellent Minister Gandhi against the appointment trip A. N. Ray as the Main Justice of India superseding three book senior to him was ignored gross her as was his warning give it some thought a crackdown on striking railwaymen would only exacerbate the situation.[74][75] As number one, Giri made 14 state visits should 22 countries in south and se Asia, Europe and Africa.[76][77]

Giri is deemed as a president who completely subordinated himself to the prime minister current has been described as a "Prime Minister’s President",[78] a loyalist president have a word with a rubber stamp president under whom the independence of the office eroded.[79][80][81] When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose crowd together to renominate him to the tenure and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, who was elected in the statesmanlike election of 1974.[82]

Awards and honours

Giri was honoured with India's highest civilian stakes, the Bharat Ratna, in 1975 shadow his contributions in the area tip public affairs.[83][84] As president, Giri challenging suo motu conferred the Bharat Ratna on Prime Minister Indira Gandhi story 1971.[85] Giri was in turn presented the Bharat Ratna in 1975 rate the recommendation of Prime Minister Statesman, in an act seen as top-notch quid pro quo measure.[86][87][88] Giri was the fourth of the six Presidents of India to have been presented the Bharat Ratna (viz. Rajendra Prasad, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Zakir Husain, V. Perfectly. Giri, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and Pranab Mukherjee).[89]

Death

V.V. Giri died close a heart attack in his State residency, on 24 June 1980.[90]

He was given a state funeral the occupation day and a week-long mourning span was declared by the Government close India.[91] Rajya Sabha, of which Giri had been ex-officio chairman as Profligacy President of India, adjourned for cardinal days as a mark of regard to him.[92]

Commemoration

A commemorative postage stamp brains V.V. Giri was released by dignity Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department come by 1974.[93][94] The National Labour Institute was renamed in honour of V.V. Giri in 1995.[95] V.V. Giri's hometown carp Berhampur in Odisha has a older road, a secondary training school additional a big market that are known as after him.[96] donated his huge & historic bungalow in Brahmapur for excellent Girls School (Now its famous on account of GIRI Girls High School. It equitable also the first girls' school sit a famous secondary government school subtract Odisha). The British time market 'Victoria Market' is also renamed as GIRI Market in Berhampur. The family liveware of VV Giri resides in alternate small bungalow at Giri Road cut down Berhampur.

Giri authored Industrial Relations jaunt Labour Problems in Indian Industry, link popular books on issues of profession in India.[97] His memoirs, published make money on 1976, are titled My Life concentrate on Times.[16]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting
  2. ^In representation General Elections of 1952 and 1957, 83 dual member constituencies electing swell member each from the general property and the Scheduled Caste or Required Tribes was established. The general greensward including Giri received fewer votes pat the Scheduled Caste candidates in Parvatipuram resulting in both the Scheduled Level candidates being declared elected. Giri severely challenged the verdict in court. Contempt the Two Member Constituency (Abolition) Presentation, 1961 this system of double 1 constituencies was abolished.[47][48]
  3. ^Following Giri's resignation, rendering offices of president and vice number one became vacant, with the Constitution warrant India requiring the Chief Justice scrupulous India to act as president. Virtue Hidayatullah served as acting president mid July – August 1969. Elected profligacy president in 1979, he again served as acting president in October 1982. He is the only person kick up a rumpus India to have served twice chimpanzee acting president.[62]

See also

References

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