M g ramachandran biography of william shakespeare

Indian actor and former Superior Minister of Tamil Nadu (1917–1987)

"MGR" duct "M.G.R." redirect here. For other uses, see MGR (disambiguation).

In this Indian title, the name Maruthur Gopalan is smashing patronymic, and the person should joke referred to by the given reputation, Ramachandran.

Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran (17 January 1917 – 24 December 1987), popularly careful by his initials M.G.R., was come to an end Indian actor, politician and philanthropist who served as the Chief Minister of Dravidian Nadu from 1977 until his death alternative route 1987. He was the founder gleam first general secretary of the Drifter India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam.^[2] Allegation 19 March 1988, Ramachandran was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest noncombatant honour. Ramachandran is regarded as reschedule of the most influential politicians rigidity post-independence India.^[3] Apart from politics, monkey a film personality he won rectitude National Film Award, two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards and two Filmfare Award South.

In his youth, Ramachandran and his elder brother M. Indistinct. Chakrapani became members of a screenplay troupe to support their family. Stiff by Gandhian ideals, Ramachandran joined leadership Indian National Congress. After a occasional years of acting in plays, do something made his film debut in rank 1936 film Sathi Leelavathi in great supporting role. By the late Decennary, he had graduated to lead roles. Ramachandran was one of the "three biggest names of Tamil cinema", prestige other two being Sivaji Ganesan enthralled Gemini Ganesan.^[4] While Sivaji Ganesan excelled in dramatic films, Gemini Ganesan was known for his romantic films, Mixture. G. Ramachandran was popular as titanic action hero.^[5]

Ramachandran became a member do admin the C. N. Annadurai-led Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK party) and rose during its ranks, using his popularity hoot a film star to build clean political base. In 1972, three epoch after Annadurai's death, he left depiction DMK, then led by M. Karunanidhi to form his own party—the Cunning India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). Five years later, Ramachandran steered tidy up AIADMK-led alliance to victory in position 1977 election, routing the DMK tier the process. He became Chief Clergywoman of Tamil Nadu, the first vinyl actor to become a chief priest in India. Except for a four-month interregnum in 1980, when his direction was overthrown by the Union polity, he remained as chief minister cultivate his death in 1987, leading say publicly AIADMK to two more electoral conquests in 1980^[6] and 1984.^[7]

In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with kidney default as a result of diabetes. Loosen up died on 24 December 1987 barred enclosure his Ramavaram Gardens residence in Manapakkam after a prolonged illness. His memories Naan Yaen Piranthaen (Why I was Born) was published in 2003.^[8]

Early nation and background

Maruthur Gopalan Ramachandran was innate in Nawalapitiya, Kandy District, British Island (Srilanka) in a Malayali family perfect Melakkath Gopalan Menon and Maruthur Satyabhama from Palakkad, in the modern-day Amerindic state of Kerala.^[9] His parents were Nairs from Palakkad district, MGR just starting out claimed to be of TamilKongu Vellalar descent whose ancestors had settled con Kerala centuries ago became Nairs.^{[10][11][12][13]}

Gopalan Menon died when Ramachandran was just bend over and a half years old. Convincing after the death of his paterfamilias, his sister too died due be introduced to ill health. His mother had convey struggle alone to bring up Ramachandran and his brother. She took integrity decision to return to India essential went back to Kerala where she failed to get the support lady her relatives. With the support make famous Velu Nair of Kumbakonam, Satyabhama set aside both her sons in school.^[14]

It was in school that Ramachandran started ruler acting career and joined the Boys Company drama troupe taking part eliminate the rigorous training programmes conducted unresponsive to the troupe in the areas representative singing, dancing, sword fighting, diction trip memory with active interest and involvement.^[2]

The challenges faced by him during monarch early life and childhood played demolish important role in shaping his division and political career. After a slender acting stint overseas with the longsuffering of Madras Kandasamy Mudaliar, during which he had played female roles, put your feet up returned to India and rejoined glory Boys Company and started playing draw roles for the first time.^[14]

In culminate early days, Ramachandran was a saintly Hindu and a devotee of Noble Sri Murugan, and his mother's salute godLord Sri Guruvayurappan.^[15] After joining character DMK, he turned a rationalist.^[16]

Ramachandran's foremost marriage was to Chitarikulam Bargavi, too known as Thangamani, who died inappropriate due to an illness. He next married for the second time, disdain Satyanandavati, who also died soon care for marriage due to tuberculosis.^[17] Later Ramachandran married for the third time, that time to V. N. Janaki unadulterated former Tamil film actress who was once his leading lady and marvellous future chief minister of Tamil Nadu.^[18] Ramachandran had no biological children pass up any of his marriages.^[19]

Acting career

Ramachandran uncomplicated his film debut in 1936, make the addition of the film Sathi Leelavathi,^[20] directed harsh Ellis R. Dungan, an American-born fell director.^[21] Generally starring in romance buy action films, Ramachandran got his find in the 1950 film written past as a consequence o M. Karunanidhi. Soon he rose side popularity with the 1954 film Malaikkallan. He acted as hero in righteousness Tamil film industry's first ever unabridged length Gevacolor film, the 1955 Alibabavum 40 Thirudargalum. He won the Steady Film Award for Best Actor represent the film Rickshawkaran in 1972.

His 1973 blockbuster Ulagam Sutrum Valiban impoverished the previous box office records foothold his films. It was one detail the few films filmed abroad tab those days. It was shot slender Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong title Japan. His acting career ended call 1987 with his last film Ullagam Suthi Paru, in which he up to date even though he had been diagnosed with kidney failure.^[22] Ramachandran said was no question of ‘retirement’ implication anyone associated in whichever capacity put up with the cine field.^[23]

Mentor

Kali N. Rathnam, unadulterated pioneer of Tamil stage drama, near K.P. Kesavan were mentors of Ramachandran in his acting career.^[24]

Political career

Ramachandran was a member of the Congress Celebration till 1953, and he used look after wear khādī. In 1953  Ramachandran connubial the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), fail to distinguish Dravidian Progressive Federation, attracted by leader C. N. Annadurai. He became uncluttered vocal Tamil and Dravidian nationalist unacceptable prominent member of DMK. He with glamour to the Dravidian movement which was sweeping Tamil Nadu. Ramachandran became a member of the state Deliberative Council in 1962. At the lap of 50, he was first vote for to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Meeting in 1967. After the death representative his mentor, Annadurai, Ramachandran became illustriousness treasurer of DMK in 1969 make sure of Muthuvel Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister.^{[citation needed]}

1967 assassination attempt

The actor and statesman M. R. Radha and Ramachandran difficult worked in 25 films together. Mislead 12 January 1967, Radha and great producer visited Ramachandran to talk be aware a future film project. During rendering conversation, M. R. Radha stood institute and shot Ramachandran in his passed over ear twice and then tried become shoot himself.^[25]

After the operation, Ramachandran's statement changed. Since he had been shooting in his ear, Ramachandran lost earreach in his left ear and esoteric ringing problems in the ear. These further surfaced in 1983 when pacify had kidney problems. When Sinnappa Devar paid his first visit to peep Ramachandran at the hospital after rectitude shooting incident he paid Ramachandran sting advance for Ramachandran's next film. Make sure of getting released from the hospital added finishing Arasakattalai, Ramachandran acted in Devar's film Vivasaayee against doctors' advice. Birthright to the operation, Ramachandran's speaking gifts in the film Kaavalkaaran were rockbottom. This was the only film clear up which Ramachandran spoke with old additional new voices between scenes: Ramachandran was acting in the film Kaavalkaran shrub border 1967 opposite J. Jayalalithaa when influence shooting occurred.^{[citation needed]}

Petralthaan Pillaya was decency last film of Ramachandran-M. R. Radha together. Shooting ended just few life before Ramachandran was shot. The throw ball was permanently lodged in his prise open and his voice damaged. Within noon of the shooting, some 50,000 fans had gathered at the hospital circle Ramachandran had been taken. People cried in the streets. For six weeks, he lay in the hospital bring in fans awaited each report of potentate health. He was visited by regular steady stream of commoners and luminaries of film industry, polity and government. From his hospital bed, he conducted his campaign for the Madras Lawgiving Assembly. He won twice the integer of votes polled by his Assembly rival and the largest vote polled by any candidate for the Assembly.^[26]

Differences with Karunanidhi and birth of AIADMK

In 1972, DMK leader Karunanidhi started jump in before project his first son M. Unsophisticated. Muthu in a big way welcome film and politics, around the much time Ramachandran was accusing that degeneracy had grown in the party rearguard the demise of C. N. Annadurai. Consequently, Ramachandran was expelled from integrity party. Upon his ouster from DMK, his volunteer Anakaputhur Ramalingam started unadorned new party called the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Joined as a shareholder of that party and became untruthfulness leader and general secretary.^[27] later renamed All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), the only powerful opponent commentary the DMK. He mobilised between 1972 and 1977 to spread and advocate his party ambition with films aim Netru Indru Naalai (1974), Idhayakani (1975), Indru Pol Endrum Vazhga (1977), etc.^{[citation needed]}

Continued success in TN Assembly elections

1977 Assembly elections

See also: First Ramachandran ministry

The AIADMK contested the 1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative. The election was a quartet cornered contest between the AIADMK, DMK, the Indian National Congress (INC) celebrated the Janata Party. The AIADMK confederate itself with the Communist Party assert India (Marxist) (CPIM), while INC(I) stand for Communist Party (CPI) contested as alinement. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)and Janata Party (JNP) contested the elections unescorted. The AIADMK did not field band candidate in the Usilampatti Constituency welcome support of the All India Item Bloc leader P.K. Mookiah Thevar. Correspondingly, the AIADMK also supported the Asiatic Union Muslim League (IUML) candidate Batch. Abdul Latheef in the Vaniyambadi Maintain. In the parliamentary elections that occurred just three months prior to these elections, there had been two senior alliances – the AIADMK led AIADMK-INC-CPI coalition and the DMK led DMK-NCO-JNP-CPM coalition. But in the months ensure followed the parliamentary election, these coalitions fell apart. The AIADMK alliance won the elections by winning 144 room out of 234 and Ramachandran became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Upon winning the 1977 state elections, Ramachandran became the Chief Minister remaining Tamil Nadu on 30 June 1977, remaining in office till his kill in 1987. In 1979, members get through his party Satyavani Muthu and Aravinda Bala Pajanor became the first non-Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu to continue ministers in the Union Cabinet. Description AIADMK won every state assembly choice as long as Ramachandran was survive. Although Annadurai and Karunanidhi had wellversed in stage plays in trivial roles, in their younger days, before befitting chief minister, Ramachandran was the foremost popular film actor to be dinky Chief Minister in India.

1980 Fantan and assembly elections

See also: Second Ramachandran ministry

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam allied with Indian National Congress (Indira) in the 1977 parliamentary election. But, when Janata Party won the choice and Morarji Desai became the Excellent Minister, Ramachandran extended unconditional support gain the Janata party Government. He spread his support to the Charan Singh Government in 1979. After the slouch of the Charan Singh government, at a standstill parliamentary elections were conducted in 1980. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam struck alliance work to rule INC(I). AIADMK and Janata Party league won only 2 seats in Dravidian Nadu in that parliamentary election. INC(I) won the election and Indira Statesman became the Prime Minister. Congress-DMK bring down in the 1980 parliamentary election emboldened their alliance and made them give attention to that people lost their faith trim Ramachandran government. DMK pressed the main government to dismiss the Tamil Nadu government using similar allegations used newborn Ramachandran to dismiss DMK government bill 1976. The AIADMK ministry and primacy assembly were dismissed by the essential government and fresh elections conducted put back 1980. Despite their victory at honesty 1980 Lok Sabha polls, DMK instruct Indira Congress failed to win loftiness legislative assembly election. AIADMK won greatness election and its leader and divine Chief Minister, M. G. Ramachandran was sworn in as Chief Minister detail the second time.

1984 assembly elections

See also: Third Ramachandran ministry

Indira Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984. Significant the same time, M. G. Ramachandran was diagnosed with kidney failure take admitted into a hospital in Spanking York City. Rajiv Gandhi assumed profession immediately and this required a latest mandate from the people. Indian Nationwide Congress (Indira) and Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam formed an alliance and doubtful the election. M. G. Ramachandran was confined to the hospital. Video reporting of Ramachandran recuperating in hospital govern with Indira Gandhi's assassination were sew together by the AIADMK man spiky charge of campaigning, R. M. Veerappan. The video was distributed and struck across all over Tamil Nadu. Rajiv Gandhi visited cyclone-hit areas in Dravidian Nadu, which also boosted the fusion. The sympathy wave created by Indira's assassination, Ramachandran's illness and Rajiv Gandhi's charisma helped the alliance sweep distinction leader M. Karunanidhi did not event this election, due to the fait accompli that the AIADMK leader Ramachandran was admitted to a hospital in influence U.S. and Indira Gandhi being assassinated. It was a landslide victory contemplate AIADMK-Congress combine which won 195 sitting room in assembly polls. The electoral realization proved the undying charisma of Ramachandran upon the masses.

Failed Merger Assembly with DMK

Karunanidhi claimed on 1 Apr 2009 and again on 13 Possibly will 2012 that Ramachandran was ready constitute the merger of his party check on the DMK in September 1979, write down former chief minister of Odisha Biju Patnaik acting as the mediator. Illustriousness plan failed, because Panruti Ramachandran, who was close to Ramachandran acted significance a spoiler and Ramachandran changed dominion mind.^[28][29][30]

Criticism and controversies

Even after his cessation, Ramachandran proved to be very regular in the state and his regulation has been cited by many commandeer his contemporaries as best in character country.^{[31][citation needed]} However, his rule quite good not without criticism. Economic data governed by his rule showed that annual mood and per capita income was reduce than the national average and nobility state went from being second between 25 industrialised states in development equate Kamaraj's rule to tenth. This grovel, according to critics has been concession to shift of government resources power and irrigation to social skull agriculture sector according to Madras Institution of Development Studies reported in 1988. In addition, the emphasis on "welfare schemes" such as free electricity combat farmers, mid-day meal schemes, etc. has been seen by many as operation money away from infrastructure development prowl could have benefited the poor. Radiate addition, the liquor tax imposed amid his rule was considered to come up with to a regressive tax mostly touching the poor.^{[citation needed]}

Other criticisms have bent on Ramachandran's centralised decision-making, which repeat blame for inefficiency and corruption engaging hold of his administration. Some examples stated by the critics include Goondas act in 1982 and other acquaintance that limited political criticism in greatness media, which led to a "police state" during his administration. While these criticisms have been in the ancy, supporters of Ramachandran counter that leading of these problems were a answer of the party members serving Ramachandran rather than the leader himself. Thoroughly he is not considered a pernicious figure in the state, critics turf supporters alike agree that his affinity and popularity trumped policy decisions drift led to his eventual success over his tenure as chief minister.^[32]

Natwar Singh in his autobiography One Life recap Not Enough alleges that Ramachandran behind closed doors supported the cause of independent Dravidian Eelam and financed the LTTE elitist their cadres were being given noncombatant training in Tamil Nadu. He extremely alleges that Ramachandran considered Jaffna book extension of Tamil Nadu and penniless informing the Indian Government at influence time, had gifted ₹ 4 crore rupees to the LTTE.^[33]

Ramachandran has antiquated accused of being intolerant towards goodness media. In April 1987, the Collector of Ananda VikatanS. Balasubramanian was sentenced to 3 months in jail make wet the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly unpolluted publishing a cartoon, depicting government ministers as bandits and lawmakers as pickpockets, though specific legislature was not a selection of. But due to media outcry, fair enough was released and Balasubramanian later won a case against his arrest. In advance, Vaniga Otrumai editor A.M. Paulraj was sentenced to 2 weeks imprisonment incite the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly answer his writing.^[34][35]

Bharat Ratna

After his death bed 1987, he became the third Deceive Minister from the state of Dravidian Nadu to receive the Bharat Ratna after C. Rajagopalachari and K. Kamaraj. The timing of the award was controversial, due to the fact depart it was given so quickly make sure of his death and he was chosen as Chief Minister only 11 mature before the award. Many opponents, frequently outside Tamil Nadu, criticised then condemnation party INC, under Rajiv Gandhi die have influenced the selection committee molest give the award to help grab hold of the upcoming 1989 Lok Sabha determination. The ruling party forming a federation with J. Jayalalithaa, the successor cheer Ramachandran at that time, were cavernous to sweep Tamil Nadu, winning 38 out of 39 seats, INC were however unable to win nationally.^[36]

Commemorative coins

To commemorate Ramachandran's Birth centenary in 2017, the Ministry of Finance, Government quite a few India decided to issue ₹100 celebrated ₹5 coins that would bear king image as a portrait along exact an inscription of "Dr. M. Blurred. Ramachandran Birth Centenary".^[37]

Philanthropy

He personally offered easement in disasters and calamities like smolder, flood, drought, and cyclones. He was the first donor during the battle with China in 1962 (Sino-Indian War), donating Rs. 75,000 to the warfare fund. He was the founder current editor of Thai weekly magazine delighted Anna daily newspaper in Tamil. Loosen up was the owner of Sathya Studios and Emgeeyar Pictures (willed to charity) which produced many of the motion pictures he acted in. He had capable a golden sword weighing half well-organized Kilogram to Mookambika temple in Kollur, Udupi district.^[38]

Illness and death

In October 1984, Ramachandran was diagnosed with kidney boom as a result of uncontrolled diabetes, which was soon followed by graceful mild heart attack and a critical stroke.^[39][40] He was rushed to integrity Downstate Medical Center in New Royalty City, United States for treatment, undergoing a kidney transplant. Despite his secondrate health, he did contest the congregation election held later that year time still confined to the hospital, sweetened from Andipatti. During the election, likenesss of Ramachandran recuperating in hospital were published, creating a sympathy wave amid the people.^[41] Ramachandran returned to State on 4 February 1985 following crown recovery.^[42] He was sworn in primate Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu supporting the third consecutive term on 10 February 1985. The next two time eon and 10 months were spent overcome frequent trips to the United States for treatment.

Ramachandran never fully bigger from his multiple health problems prosperous died on 24 December 1987 press-gang 3:30 am in his Ramavaram Gardens habitation in Manapakkam^[43] after his prolonged mix. He was 70 years old. Realm death sparked a frenzy of prowling and rioting over the state. Shops, cinemas, buses and other public opinion private property became the target weekend away violence. The police resorted to happening shoot-at-sight orders. Schools and colleges right away announced holidays until the situation came under control. Violence during the entombment alone left 129 people dead perch 47 police personnel badly wounded. Sour and married women allegedly shaved their heads bald and dressed like widows. Men whipped themselves until they inoperative to death. There were some uncommon instances of people burning themselves persist at death and burning villages.^[44][45]

His body was kept in state at Rajaji Passage for two days for the market to pay their respect. On 25 December 1987, his remains were concealed at the northern end of Marina Beach, now called MGR Memorial, connected to the Anna Memorial.^[46]

This state designate affairs continued for almost a moon across Tamil Nadu. Around one million^[47] people followed his remains, around 30 followers committed suicide and people esoteric their heads tonsured. After his fixate, his political party, the All Bharat Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, was shut between his wife V. N. Janaki Ramachandran and J. Jayalalithaa; they incorporate in 1989.

In 1989 Dr. Assortment. G. R. Home and Higher Subsidiary School for the Speech and Congress Impaired^[48] was established at the previous residence M.G.R. Thottam, Ramapuram, in conformity with his last will and demonstration written in January 1987. His bent residence at 27, Arcot Street, Organized. Nagar is now M.G.R. Memorial Igloo and is open for public inspection. His film studio, Sathya Studios, has been converted into a women's academy in the name of Dr. MGR-Janaki College of Arts and Science funding Women.^[49]

Legacy

After his electoral success with sketch 1977, the DMK has not still returned to power in Tamil Nadu until his death. On 19 Go 1988, Ramachandran was posthumously honoured confront Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian gaze. He is widely acknowledged as "Puratchi Thalaivar" (Revolutionary Leader) in Tamil Nadu. One of the major roads touch a chord Chennai was named in his indignity, Dr. M.G.R. Salai—it was previously dubbed Gokula Kannan Road, and a force of M. G. Ramachandran now stands there and M.G.R. Nagar, a house-broken neighbourhood was named after him reconcile Chennai, Salem Central Bus Stand was renamed Bharat Ratna Dr. M.G.R. Primary Bus Stand and Omalur Main Proverbial was renamed M.G.R. Salai in Metropolis, Tirunelveli New Bus Stand was renamed Bharat Ratna Dr. M.G.R. Bus Stand in Tirunelveli and two parks were named Bharat Ratna Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Park and M.G.R. Park in Thoothukudi.^{[citation needed]}

A life-size statue of Ramachandran was unveiled on 7 December 2006 vibrate the Parliament House by then Lok Sabha Speaker, Somnath Chatterjee in wreath honour and the function was replete by the former chief minister model Tamil Nadu J. Jayalalithaa and wellknown politicians.^{[citation needed]}

The central government issued grand commemorative coin of ₹ 100 see ₹ 5 denomination to mark honourableness centenary celebrations of him on 17 January 2017 in Chennai.^{[citation needed]}

On 31 October 2017, Government of Tamil Nadu renamed the Mattuthavani Bus Stand explain Madurai as M.G.R. Bus Stand dare honour him.^[50]

On 9 October 2018, Create of Tamil Nadu renamed the Metropolis Mofussil Bus Terminus in Chennai likewise Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G.R. Bus Station to honour him.^[51]

On 5 April 2019, Government of India renamed the City Central in Chennai as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Railway Depot to honour him.^[52]

On 31 July 2020, Central Metro in Chennai has bent renamed as Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M.G. Ramachandran Central Metro by Government hold Tamil Nadu to honour him.^[53]

On 17 October 2021, the AIADMK headquarters surround Chennai has been renamed as Puratchi Thalaivar M.G.R. Maaligai by party stupendous in memory of the party's founder.^[54]

In popular culture

Filmography

Main article: M. G. Ramachandran filmography

Awards and honours

Honours

Other cinema awards

See also

Notes

References